Chemistry deals with the composition, structure and properties of matter. These aspects can be best described and understood in terms of basic constituents of matter: atoms and molecules. That is why chemistry is called the science of atoms and molecules.

The substance (or substances) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents. ... Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps, the so-called elementary reactions, and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism.

The structure of an atom, theoretically consisting of a positively charged nucleus surrounded and neutralized by negatively charged electrons revolving in orbits at varying distances from the nucleus, the constitution of the nucleus and the arrangement of the electrons differing with various chemical elements.

The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties, whose adopted structure shows periodic trends.

The definition of chemical equilibrium is the point at which the concentrations of reactants and products do not change with time. It appears as though the reaction has stopped but in fact the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal so reactants and products are being created at the same rate.

A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds; or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds.

Ionic Equilibrium in Aqueous Solutions. Chemical substances that can conduct electricity in their aqueous state or in molten state are called electrolytes. In pure water (or in an aqueous solution) the product of concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions is a constant at a given temperature.

Redox reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed; in general, redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species. ... Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.

chemical analysis, the study of the chemical composition and structure of substances. ... There are two branches in analytical chemistry: qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is the determination of those elements and compounds that are present in a sample of unknown material.

It is the chemistry of radioactive elements such as the actinides, radium and radon together with the chemistry associated with equipment (such as nuclear reactors) which are designed to perform nuclear processes. ... It includes the study of the production and use of radioactive sources for a range of processes.

Thermochemistry is the study of the heat energy associated with chemical reactions and/or physical transformations. ... Thermochemistry coalesces the concepts of thermodynamics with the concept of energy in the form of chemical bonds.

Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.

a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are examples of group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons, from which one hydrogen atom has been removed, are functional groups called hydrocarbyls.

Solid-state chemistry, also sometimes referred to as materials chemistry, is the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials, particularly, but not necessarily exclusively of, non-molecular solids.

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. ... The solute is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent. The amount of solute that can be dissolved in solvent is called its solubility. For example, in a saline solution, salt is the solute dissolved in water as the solvent.

Definition of Electrochemistry. Electrochemistry is a sub-discipline of physical chemistry; it is concerned with: chemical reactions involving charged particles and electron transfers - i.e. redox reactions. the relationship between electrical and chemical energy and the conversion of one to the other.

Chemical Kinetics. Chemical kinetics is the study and discussion of chemical reactions with respect to reaction rates, effect of various variables, re-arrangement of atoms, formation of intermediates etc. ... Molecules or atoms of reactants must collide with each other in chemical reactions.

Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. ... Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume, but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are still close together but move freely.

Surface chemistry. Surface chemistry can be roughly defined as the study of chemical reactions at interfaces. ... Surface science is of particular importance to the fields of heterogeneous catalysis, electrochemistry, and geochemistry.

The s-block on the periodic table contains all of the elements in column 1 and 2 of the periodic table, plus helium, which is the topmost element in column 8A (or sometimes column 18). S-block elements are the elements with valence electrons in the s orbital. Elements in column 1 have one valence electron. The p-block is the area of the periodic table containing columns 3A to column 8A (columns 13-18), not including helium. There are 35 p-block elements, all of which have valence electrons in the p orbital. The p-block elements are a very diverse group of elements with a wide range of properties.

The d-block elements are all metals which exhibit two or more ways of forming chemical bonds. ... D-block elements are unified by having in their outermost electrons one or more d-orbital electrons but no p-orbital electrons. The g-block is a hypothetical block of elements in the extended periodic table whose Outermost electrons are posited to have one or more g-orbital electrons but no f-, d- or p-orbital electrons.

Coordination refers to the "coordinate covalent bonds" (dipolar bonds) between the ligands and the central atom. Originally, a complex implied a reversible association of molecules, atoms, or ions through such weak chemical bonds. As applied to coordination chemistry, this meaning has evolved.

Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.

Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones. Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. ... For example, H2C=O is methanal, more commonly called formaldehyde.

A biomolecule is a chemical compound found in living organisms. These include chemicals that are composed of mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. Biomolecules are the building blocks of life and perform important functions in living organisms.

Polymers are not restricted to monomers of the same chemical composition or molecular weight and structure. ... For example, the solid parts of all plants are made up of polymers. These include cellulose, lignin, and various resins. Cellulose is a polysaccharide, a polymer that is composed of sugar molecules.

Chemistry deals with the composition, structure and properties of matter. These aspects can be best described and understood in terms of basic constituents of matter: atoms and molecules. That is why chemistry is called the science of atoms and molecules.

The substance (or substances) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents. ... Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps, the so-called elementary reactions, and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism.

The structure of an atom, theoretically consisting of a positively charged nucleus surrounded and neutralized by negatively charged electrons revolving in orbits at varying distances from the nucleus, the constitution of the nucleus and the arrangement of the electrons differing with various chemical elements.

The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties, whose adopted structure shows periodic trends.

The definition of chemical equilibrium is the point at which the concentrations of reactants and products do not change with time. It appears as though the reaction has stopped but in fact the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal so reactants and products are being created at the same rate.

A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds; or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds.

Ionic Equilibrium in Aqueous Solutions. Chemical substances that can conduct electricity in their aqueous state or in molten state are called electrolytes. In pure water (or in an aqueous solution) the product of concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions is a constant at a given temperature.

Redox reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed; in general, redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species. ... Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.

chemical analysis, the study of the chemical composition and structure of substances. ... There are two branches in analytical chemistry: qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is the determination of those elements and compounds that are present in a sample of unknown material.

It is the chemistry of radioactive elements such as the actinides, radium and radon together with the chemistry associated with equipment (such as nuclear reactors) which are designed to perform nuclear processes. ... It includes the study of the production and use of radioactive sources for a range of processes.

Thermochemistry is the study of the heat energy associated with chemical reactions and/or physical transformations. ... Thermochemistry coalesces the concepts of thermodynamics with the concept of energy in the form of chemical bonds.

Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.

a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are examples of group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons, from which one hydrogen atom has been removed, are functional groups called hydrocarbyls.

Solid-state chemistry, also sometimes referred to as materials chemistry, is the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials, particularly, but not necessarily exclusively of, non-molecular solids.

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. ... The solute is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent. The amount of solute that can be dissolved in solvent is called its solubility. For example, in a saline solution, salt is the solute dissolved in water as the solvent.

Definition of Electrochemistry. Electrochemistry is a sub-discipline of physical chemistry; it is concerned with: chemical reactions involving charged particles and electron transfers - i.e. redox reactions. the relationship between electrical and chemical energy and the conversion of one to the other.

Chemical Kinetics. Chemical kinetics is the study and discussion of chemical reactions with respect to reaction rates, effect of various variables, re-arrangement of atoms, formation of intermediates etc. ... Molecules or atoms of reactants must collide with each other in chemical reactions.

Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. ... Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume, but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are still close together but move freely.

Surface chemistry. Surface chemistry can be roughly defined as the study of chemical reactions at interfaces. ... Surface science is of particular importance to the fields of heterogeneous catalysis, electrochemistry, and geochemistry.

The s-block on the periodic table contains all of the elements in column 1 and 2 of the periodic table, plus helium, which is the topmost element in column 8A (or sometimes column 18). S-block elements are the elements with valence electrons in the s orbital. Elements in column 1 have one valence electron. The p-block is the area of the periodic table containing columns 3A to column 8A (columns 13-18), not including helium. There are 35 p-block elements, all of which have valence electrons in the p orbital. The p-block elements are a very diverse group of elements with a wide range of properties.

The d-block elements are all metals which exhibit two or more ways of forming chemical bonds. ... D-block elements are unified by having in their outermost electrons one or more d-orbital electrons but no p-orbital electrons. The g-block is a hypothetical block of elements in the extended periodic table whose Outermost electrons are posited to have one or more g-orbital electrons but no f-, d- or p-orbital electrons.

Coordination refers to the "coordinate covalent bonds" (dipolar bonds) between the ligands and the central atom. Originally, a complex implied a reversible association of molecules, atoms, or ions through such weak chemical bonds. As applied to coordination chemistry, this meaning has evolved.

Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.

Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones. Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. ... For example, H2C=O is methanal, more commonly called formaldehyde.

A biomolecule is a chemical compound found in living organisms. These include chemicals that are composed of mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. Biomolecules are the building blocks of life and perform important functions in living organisms.

Polymers are not restricted to monomers of the same chemical composition or molecular weight and structure. ... For example, the solid parts of all plants are made up of polymers. These include cellulose, lignin, and various resins. Cellulose is a polysaccharide, a polymer that is composed of sugar molecules.